biological, social and cognitive influences on gender developmentbiological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

For instance, the female and male genitalia are different both internally and externally. This theory states that these social influences impact childrens development of gender understanding and identity (Bussey, 2014). Ultimately, Freud theorized that an individuals psychosomatic distress (physical symptoms that occur due to psychological distress) was a manifestation of internal conflicts. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. Does gender behaviour have an evolutionary basis? Moreover, an individual must recognize that gender remains constant over time, which is gender stability and across settings, which is gender consistency. Initially developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930, the psychodynamic approach focuses on how our unconscious thoughts and drives influence our behaviour. Review the evidence linking gender differences in cognitive abilities to brain organization Some theorists propose that male and female brains are organized differently, which might account for gender differences in some gender-specific abilities. Students also viewed. This construction of in-group and out-group also leads children to view the out-group as negative and avoid behaviours associated with that group. Gender refers to a person's sense of, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness. For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone). The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Traditionally, there are three main psychological explanations of how we navigate the path to gender identity. This desire then leads to a strong fear that his father will ultimately castrate him due to his attraction to his mother, which is known as castration anxiety. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Chapter. Although we are focusing on the negative, think about what could happen if we saw a shift in that focus! Prior to birth, a mother's diet and health play a key role. what is a weakness of the gender schema theory. We can be genetically predisposed to many things such as mental illness, cancer, heart conditions, etc. Martin and Halverson's (1981) gender-schema theory focuses on the ways that gender schemas organize, bias, and regulate thinking, attention, and behavior. Then, a rigid phase occurs in which things are very black or white, (or, girl or boy, if you will). We took a detailed look into various socializing factors that children encounter. Freud refers to this as penis envy. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Although this has been found to be true predominantly utilizing only animal research, it is a rather simplified theory. True or false? The next step is learning that there are shared qualities and behaviors for each gender (Bussey, 2014). Social learning theory. Unlike Social Learning theory that is based on external rewards and punishments, Cognitive Learning theory states that children develop gender at their own levels. Superordinate schemas guide information for gender groups whereas own-sex schemas guide information about ones own behaviors as it relates to their own gender group (Dinella, 2017). Nutrients and micronutrients are vital for proper brain function. Kohlberg (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. they learn the idea that gender is relatively constant that does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. This chapter is meant to provide the reader with information on the psychological, social, cognitive, and spiritual aspects of aging. of the users don't pass the Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development quiz! Moreover, parents tend to reinforce independence in boys, but dependence in girls. For example, in a study in which adults observed an infant that was crying, they described the infant to be scared or afraid when told the infant was a girl. Social relationships, including the gender of friends, and the people they decide to imitate. Social learning theory says that we learn certain behaviours and social roles (i.e. Again, girls do not sit with their legs open, boys do not play with dolls, girls do not get muddy and dirty, boys do not cry, etc. Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. For comparison, only 1% of the general population identifies as transgender or transsexual. Really, this area falls into two subcategories: prenatal hormonal exposure and prenatal toxin exposure. Developmental PSYC practice exam FINAL. the fact that cognitive, social, and biological forces all interplay to influence gender development illustrates which theme from the text. In that case, we must base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept. Children get physical and psychological characteristics from their parents which becomes a part of their personalities. 4.1.1.3. Nature vs nurture: the debate in psychology suggests that our differences are due to natural (or genetic) predispositions or nurture (or environmental) influences. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we focus on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. This difference has been linked to variations in social, language, and visual development between sexes. Essentially, the groups with the strongest DNA that allowed for the best traits for survival, survived. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. If not, no worries, we are about to have a crash course to catch you up! If they learn new information that does not align with what they already know, they will adjust their schema so they are aligned. Freud and other psychoanalysts believed this was the only way to resolve the internal conflict in the subconscious, and to then alleviate the physical and psychological maladjustment that was presenting in the individual. Kohlberg is one of those theorists we will learn about later. He suggested that children begin to understand various complexities surrounding genders, such as how to identify the gender of others and the idea that gender is constant and does not change based on superficial factors such as clothing. Although interpretations and adherence to gender stereotypes is very rigid initially, as children get enter middle childhood, they learn more about stereotypes and that gender stereotypes are flexible and varied (Bussey, 2014). The biological factors that impact the child's development significantly are, gender, physical health, mental health, and health practice. However, by age 2, they show preferences. In order to come to its conclusions, the essay examines the two approaches to gender development. Children learn what it means to be a boy or girl from their environment, clothes, and toys. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities also mature, meaning we are capable of more complex thought. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. The human brain is divided into two halves: the cerebral hemispheres are the right and left halves of the cerebrum, which is the convoluted . We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning psychoanalytic theories. In terms of gender, Martin and Halverson suggested that children develop their gender identity by creating schemas about different genders and determining their in-group and out-group based on this. 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . David Reimer is an example of one of these cases (Bevan, 2017). A child's interests and behavior is influenced by the parent or the authority . Others incorporate modeling into their theory with some caveats. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. Well, non-conforming gender behavior (e.g., boys playing with dolls, girls playing with trucks) is often ridiculed by peers and children may even be actively excluded. We begin to see boys and girls segregate in their play, based on gender, in very early years. Roles of biological, social and cognitive influences on gender During the past years, sex and gender have been used interchangeably, but these uses are becoming increasingly different. Gender identity appears to be established by around age three and gender constancy somewhere between the ages of five and seven. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning - psychoanalytic theories. So, if shown a doll, they will then look at a photograph of a girl, rather than a boy, for longer (when shown photographs of both a boy and girl side by side). Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Regarding biological theories, there tends to be four areas of focus. However, in the Genital stage, Freud theorized that this is a time in which adolescents experiment sexually and begin to settle into romantic relationships. Overall, teachers place less emphasis on girls academic accomplishments and focus more on their cooperation, cleanliness, obedience, and quiet/passive play. One of the negative side-effects is that it mutates DNA and alters its expression. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. what techniques are used in cognitive approaches? Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. Socially sensitive: A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Gender constancy includes multiple parts. The more a child plays with same-gender peers, the more their behavior becomes gender-stereotyped. Social Science Sociology Summarize what we know about biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development. She theorized that men tried to compensate for their inability to carry a child by succeeding in other areas of life (Psychodynamic and neo-Freudian theories, n.d.). The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. This insecurity then would lead to either (1) withdrawal from competing or (2) becoming more competitive (Harris, 2016). First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Here is an example. (Servin, Bhlin, & Berlin, 1999). This learning relies on subcortical striatum structures and focuses on learning sequencing for behaviors. Culture, social, biological, and psychological factors can influence the development of psychopathology. Horney disputed this (Harris, 2016). She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. To use the cognitive approach to explain gender and its development, we must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, that it is something within our minds and not something biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Because most children desire to belong, they begin to identify with their gendered group, view it positively, and seek information about behaving more like members of their group. However, in adolescence, they become more rigid again. 60 terms. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. Freud proposes that children develop their gender through the Oedipus complex. Ultimately, in this stage, boys begin to develop sexual desires for their mother and become jealous of their father. Conservation is a child's cognitive ability to understand that even when a person's or object's appearances change, more stable properties such as mass and quantity do not change. The unique cultural influences children respond to from birth, including customs and beliefs around food, artistic expression, language, and religion, affect the way they develop emotionally, socially, physically, and linguistically. Parents label gender even when not required. If a female was disappointed by males in her family (such as her father or brother, etc. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. This approach assumes that we develop our gender identities around the age of five, which Freud calls the 'phallic stage', through specific crises he calls 'complexes'. In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. Factors influencing learning in late life, appropriate teaching and learning strategies, and health literacy are also discussed. View. In general, media tends to portray males as more direct, assertive, muscular, in authority roles, and employed, whereas women tend to be portrayed as dependent, emotional, low in status, in the home rather than employed, and their appearance is often a focus. Thus, it appears that gender development in those exposed to DES, particularly males, is greatly impacted (Bevan, 2017). Not only that they can pair male and female voices with male and female faces (known as intermodal gender knowledge; Poulin-Dubois, Serbin, Kenyon, & Derbyshire, 1994). However, recent studies suggest that 10% of registrants (in a national study) that were exposed to DES reported identifying as transgender or transsexual. Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. What are some cognitive influences on gender? The cognitive theory of gender development focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Things can only be one or the other, and there is very little flexibility in schemas. When were cognitive approaches to psychology first introduced? This is the feeling of inferiority due to ones sex. Bertha (Anna O.) Manner and style of behavior and physical gestures and other nonverbal actions identified as masculine or feminine. What does Gender Schema Theory suggest about a childs perception and development of their gender identity? who suggested that our gender identities develop in a series of atges between the ages of 2 and 7? It was theorized that ones psyche is impacted significantly by major and minor events, even in infancy. We must first base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept, i.e., something occurring in our minds and not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. What do you do (lets assume the nice little instructions with pictures are not posted on the equipment)? The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. If a little girl is playing with a truck and looks over and sees three girls playing with dolls, she may put the truck down and play with the dolls. The good thing about this theory is that it helps explain the thought processes behind Kohlberg's stages much more comprehensively. Social behavior that reflects varying degrees of aggression, dominance, dependency and gentleness. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. It likely occurs in three different phases. Further, given that this came down to survival of the fittest it made sense to divvy up tasks and important behaviors. This idea forms the basis for the two cognitive explanations of gender development we will explore in this section. True or false? In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Lastly, socio-cognitive explanations propose that we have changed our environment, and that we have changed in the environment in which natural selection occurs. a child may develop a schema about dogs, that contains the knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. Lastly, a phase in which children begin to recognize that schemas are flexible and allow for a bit more of a gray area occurs (Dinella, 2017). Explain how the socialization of gender occurs. Schemas are abstract cognitive representations of concepts, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to act rather than behave naturally. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. What are some biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development? This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. Morgan1023. These labels allow children to form in-groups and out-groups, in this case, boys and girls. Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. During puberty (between the ages of 10 and 16), young people experience another surge of hormones. Thus, there are natural reasons to not intertwine and to instead segregate (Bussey, 2014). It appears that children first learn to label others gender, then their own. Overall, it is widely accepted that there are two types of schemas that are relevant in gender schema theory superordinate schemas and own-sex schemas. This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. This is learning essentially done through motor practice. The focus teachers and educators have on different qualities may have a lasting impact on children. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. In other words, gender identity takes place in our minds and is not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. The center of Horneys theory is that individuals need a safe and nurturing environment. What did Liben and Signorella (1993) find in their study? They are more likely to avoid STEM-focused classes, whereas boys seek out STEM classes (more frequently than girls). That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. labels) when they first encountered them. Biological . (2011 ) social environment impacts the development of gender identity. View more University Columbus State University Course Sociology Of Gender (SOCI 3129) Listed booksSociology: a Down to Earth Approach Uploaded by Cierra Goss Academic year2023/2024 In early childhood, peers are pretty direct about guiding gender-typical behaviors. The biosocial approach (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972) is an interactionist approach where by nature and nurture both play a role in gender development. what assumption do we need to make when using the cognitive approach to understand gender? Research has found this to be true in preverbal children (Fagot, 1974), which is incredible, if you think about it. In fact, they found that this drug had cancer-related impacts out to three generations! Describe socialization theories regarding gender. Kohlberg described three stages: The biological approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. Research has also revealed that prosocial behaviors are encouraged more in girls, than boys (Garcia & Guzman, 2017). We notice that girls prefer to play in pairs while boys prefer larger group play. What are the psychological theories of gender development? This then guides his behavior. It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors, such as hormones. ), or if they were overly threatened by females in their family (especially their mothers), they may develop contempt for their own gender. This phenomenon is not evidenced in fraternal twins or non-twin siblings to the same degree (Bevan, 2017). What we have learned is that, truthfully, things are complicated and other hormones and chemicals are at play. Excellent question. Kim K, Joo YY, Ahn G, et al. Think about that for a moment infants are recognizing and matching gender before they can ever talk! Theories of gender role development fall into two major categories, namely, biological and social-cognitive. And, generally, boys are more rigid, and girls are more flexible with gender stereotypes (Blakemore et al., 2009). His theory states that gender development occurs in stages, similar to Jean Piaget's 1936 essay describing specific stages in which children develop certain cognitive skills. Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. Psychoanalysis was one of the very first theories in psychology, and we have Sigmund Freud to thank for that. Here is the interesting part: modeling does not just stop after the immediate moment is over. holistic nature of development. how does our physical development help us to understand complex ideas such as gender identity? Shortly after birth, boys experience an increase in testosterone, whereas girls experience an increase in estrogen. Sometimes referred to as the Electra Complex, Freud theorized that girls were upset and distressed that they had no penis (referred to as penis envy) and resented their mother for this. Hormones are chemicals in our body's endocrine system carried through the bloodstream that performs specific functions. One must have an ability to label their own identity, which is known as gender identity. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). How we acquire gender identity. Following the Phallic stage is the Latency stage, in which Freud indicated that no real psychosexual development occurs; rather impulses are repressed. Third is nondeclarative motor learning, which heavily involves the cerebellum. Females in videogames tend to be sexualized and males are portrayed as aggressive (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender. There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. Likewise, they will criticize, and perhaps even reject a peer, when a peer engages in play that is inconsistent with gender expectations. While modeling in social learning explains some things, it does not explain everything. They are a cheat sheet that makes things easier and quicker, essentially. Clarify biological factors and how they relate to gender in psychology. Prenatal toxin exposure appears to be relevant when examining diethylstilbestrol (DES), specifically. Biological factors include genetic influences, brain chemistry, hormone levels, nutrition, and gender. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. As such, the idea was that one must uncover these subconscious events through talk therapy. The second approach is socialization, whereby one theory will be examined: social learning theory. When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that, Initially developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930, the, Freud proposes that children develop their. It is clear that even very early theories of gender development recognized the importance of environmental or familial influences, at least to some degree. The biological changes are discussed in Chapter 5. You walk into a gym for the first time. Which of these groups of people do children tend to consider more favourable than the other? 4.1.1.1. The two cognitive theories of development are the Kohlbergs theory (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression.

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